Purpose This study investigates the journey from technological innovation to practical implementation in smart libraries, emphasizing their societal implications. It critically examines how emerging technologies are integrated into library systems and their effects on users, staff and communities. Design/methodology/approach Using a tripartite analytical framework – innovation, implementation and impact – the article adopts a pragmatic, context-sensitive approach. It combines an extensive literature review with global case studies to assess real-world applications and policy environments shaping smart library development. Findings While smart technologies like artificial intelligence, Internet of Things and blockchain offer transformative potential, actual implementation is hindered by infrastructural deficits, policy gaps, staff capacity limitations and ethical concerns. Successful transitions are context-driven, requiring human-centred design, cross-sector collaboration and strategic foresight. Practical implications The findings underscore the need for localized digital strategies, librarian upskilling, participatory design and sustainability planning. Libraries must balance innovation with inclusion and prioritize user empowerment, ethical governance and cultural responsiveness. Originality/value This article uniquely bridges the gap between technological ambition and implementation reality in smart libraries. It contributes a comprehensive, globally relevant perspective that integrates sociotechnical considerations and offers actionable recommendations for equitable, resilient and community-driven library systems.
Aregbesola et al. (Tue,) studied this question.