Siphonaxanthin attenuated ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cytokine expression in HaCaT cells and primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes. After oral intake of siphonaxanthin in mice, siphonaxanthin and its dehydro-metabolites were detected in plasma and skin-related tissues, with dehydro-metabolites predominating. The metabolites modulated UVB-induced responses as well as siphonaxanthin itself, suggesting that the metabolic conversion does not abolish the activity.
Manabe et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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