Selective Human Trypsin Inhibitors from Cyanobacteria

AIMS: Aberrant activity of human trypsin isoenzymes have been linked to diseases like cancer. The high structural and catalytic similarity among the three human trypsin isoenzymes makes selective inhibition of individual trypsin isoenzymes particularly challenging. As cyanobacteria are a prolific source of structurally diverse serine protease inhibitors with potential pharmaceutical applications we studied them as producers of selective human trypsin inhibitors. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here we evaluated aqueous extracts of 505 strains of cyanobacteria, isolated from the Baltic Sea and Finnish lakes, for inhibitory activity against human trypsin isoenzymes. Extracts from 98 strains (19% of those tested), belonging primarily to the genera Microcystis, Nodularia, Nostoc, Oscillatoria and Planktothrix, exhibited inhibitory activity against one or more trypsin isoenzymes. Twenty-four extracts preferentially inhibited trypsin-1 and trypsin-2, eight inhibited both trypsin-2 and trypsin-3, and seven showed selectivity toward trypsin-2 alone. We selected eight extracts for further bioactivity tests against plasma-KLK, bovine trypsin, Factor Xa and thrombin. While all of these extracts inhibited bovine trypsin, some also inhibited plasma-KLK, thrombin or Factor Xa. Molecular networking of high-resolution mass spectrometry data indicated the presence of both known trypsin inhibitors and potentially novel metabolites, suggesting that cyanobacteria represent a rich source of natural products with selective activity against human trypsin isoenzymes. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results suggest that cyanobacteria harbour a wealth of metabolites with selective inhibitory activity against human trypsin isoenzymes that could serve as a starting point for the development of protease inhibitors.