Existing number systems such as the complex numbers (2-dimensional), quaternions (4-dimensional), octonions (8-dimensional), and sedenions (16-dimensional) all take the form 2ⁿ. However, there is no structural explanation for why the dimension of a number system is always restricted to powers of two, nor why non-power-of-two systems---such as 3-dimensional or 5-dimensional analogues---fail to exist mathematically. This paper presents a general argument showing that the dimension of any number system must necessarily be 2ⁿ, based on the observation that each generating element possesses an intrinsic binary nature. This binary structure forces the basis of the system to grow as a power of two. As a result, the familiar sequence of complex numbers, quaternions, and octonions arises naturally, and the absence of non-power-of-two number systems is explained as a structural necessity. 既存の数体系は、複素数(2元)、四元数(4元)、八元数(8元)、十六元数(16元)と、すべてが 2ⁿ の形で構成されている。しかし、なぜ数体系の元数が常に 2 の冪乗に限られるのか、また 3 元数や 5 元数といった非冪乗の元数が数学的に成立しない理由については、体系的な説明が存在しない。 本論文は、元数が本質的に二値性を持つことに基づき、数体系の基底数が必然的に 2ⁿ となることを一般論として示す。これにより、複素数・四元数・八元数などの冪乗系列が成立する構造的理由を代数的に説明し、2 の冪乗以外の元数が存在しない根本的な原因を明らかにする。
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Masaru Morimoto (2026) studied this question.
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