V2G Scaling for Electric Trucks From a Cyber‐Physical‐Social Perspective: Challenges and Pathways

Under the dual carbon strategy, electric trucks, as a key element in emission reduction within the transportation sector, can achieve a mutually beneficial situation for both the power system and the transportation system through vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G). However, the large‐scale deployment of V2G for electric trucks is not merely a technical access issue; it is a quintessential Cyber‐Physical‐Social System (CPSS) problem. From CPSS perspective, the paper constructs a three‐dimensional analytical framework encompassing the physical, cyber, and social layers to systematically dissect the practical challenges hindering the scaling of V2G for electric trucks. At the physical layer, it confronts the rigid capacity constraints of the distribution network, insufficient coverage of megawatt‐level charging infrastructure, and the dual limitations of battery life and safety boundaries. At the cyber layer, it encounters barriers including the absence of interoperability standards, the fragmentation of logistics and power data, and cybersecurity risks. At the social layer, it faces dilemmas arising from imbalanced interests among market entities, a lack of user trust, and collaborative governance challenges across different regulatory sectors. These three dimensions of challenges are interwoven and mutually reinforcing, creating a systemic predicament. Building on this analysis, the paper proposes a synergistic evolution pathway characterised by physical infrastructure first, cyber connectivity next, and social adaptation integrated throughout. It delineates a three‐phase promotion strategy: from in‐depth demonstration in closed scenarios, to validation at open trunk corridor stations, and finally to integrated nationwide network deployment. This provides theoretical support and practical guidance for transitioning electric truck V2G from pilot demonstrations to large‐scale adoption.