Topology optimization for next-generation thermal energy storage technologies: recent advances and future directions

This review examines recent advances in topology optimization for thermal energy storage, covering sensible, latent and thermochemical systems. Reported improvements range from about 10% to several-fold, with representative studies showing 30–50% shorter phase-change times and up to 47% higher heat release in closed thermochemical reactors. Emerging directions, including multi-operating-condition design, AI-assisted acceleration, and manufacturability-aware optimization, are also discussed, highlighting the role of topology optimization in next-generation thermal energy storage technologies.