Measurement of public space justice in traditional villages with coexistence of old and new based on villagers’ perceptions

Rural spatial justice studies lack frameworks addressing rural–urban contextual gaps. We bridge this by proposing a three-dimensional model (recognition-distribution-participation) to quantify villagers’ spatial justice perceptions in transitional villages with old-new coexistence. Using 314 surveys across Zhushan (Hunan) and Dabitou (Guangxi), structural equation modeling (SEM) confirms the model explains 63% of variance—highlighting the interconnected nature of recognition, distribution, and participation in shaping justice perceptions, a nuance that single-dimension approaches may overlook.Key results reveal: Distributive justice (e.g., infrastructure equity) dominantly shapes perceptions (β = 0.45);Recognition justice is mediated by cultural symbols but constrained by weak revitalization; Participatory justice remains critically low due to governance deficits. Qualitative contrasts suggest how endogenous governance in Zhushan may strengthen recognition, while capital-driven monopolies in Dabitou appear to suppress participation.This study advances rural geography by:Adapting urban-centered justice theory to rural transitions;Providing a preliminary metric for spatial equity assessment in similar aging rural contexts. Findings offer context-specific insights for optimizing public space allocation in transforming villages facing comparable demographic challenges.