Recent advances in modeling and simulation of biological phenomena in crowded and cellular environments

While experiments and computer simulations to study biological phenomena are usually performed in diluted in vitro conditions, such phenomena happen inside the cell, an environment densely packed with diverse macromolecules. Here, we revise recent computational methods to investigate crowded and cellular environments. Protein crowders, inert crowders, and small molecules were used to mimic crowding. Simulations were performed for models of the cytoplasm. New methods were developed to simulate crowded systems, reaching up to 200 μs of simulation time. Apart from the challenges, the field of modeling and simulations to investigate biological phenomena inside cells is growing and has a lot of potential to improve our understanding of how such phenomena happen in vivo.