Role of isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme in brain cancer, with a focus on glioma

Gliomas are characterized by a heterogeneity of genetic makeup, a metabolic adaptability, and an aggressive biological behavior, making them some of the most difficult types of brain cancer to treat. Despite this, recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying critical mutations, particularly those affecting isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes, have opened new avenues for research and treatment. This review examines the biochemical, metabolic, and epigenetic consequences of IDH mutations in gliomas. It also discusses how these insights contribute to improved diagnostic approaches and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The article is organized as follows: first, it provides an overview of gliomas in the context of brain tumors; next, it details the biochemical role of IDH enzymes in normal and neoplastic brain tissue; then, it explores experimental methodologies used to study IDH mutations; the review concludes by evaluating current and emerging therapeutic interventions targeting mutant IDH enzymes, addressing resistance mechanisms, and outlining key unanswered questions guiding ongoing research.