Three-Dimensional Tree Architecture Modelling of

As a ground-based LiDAR technology, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) offers exceptional spatial resolution for capturing fine-scale tree structural attributes. Despite these advantages, its capability to represent architectural elements of trees remains insufficiently evaluated. This study aims to evaluate the capability of TLS in reconstructing trees in three dimensions based on Halle's tree architectural theory. The research was conducted in the Jati Mega stand, Forest Education Area (KHDTK) Wanagama. Point cloud data were acquired using a Trimble SX-10 TLS with a four-station scanning configuration around each tree. The acquisition produced high-density data of approximately 11,000 points m−2. Structural reconstruction was conducted using the L1-Tree algorithm. To enhance leaf phyllotaxis identification, wood–leaf classification was performed using the LeWoS algorithm in a fully automated configuration. The findings of this study show that the tree structures of Tectona grandis can be reconstructed. Six tree architectural elements with visual and geometric characteristics were successfully represented through the TLS-based model, including axis growth, axis form, growth rhythm, branching rhythm, branching pattern, and leaf distribution. However, physiological elements such as growth limitation, and flowering position could not be modelled. The results confirm that TLS provides a reliable method for analyzing tree architectural models.