Ambient Air Pollution and Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies

direct contact with the ocular surface or indirectly via systemic circulation, inducing oxidative stress, microvascular compromise, and inflammatory responses within ocular tissues. 9Notably, these mechanisms overlap substantially with pathways implicated in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.Despite increasing interest in this area, the evidence linking ambient air pollution to glaucoma remains fragmented, with studies var ying in design, exposure assessment, outcome definitions, and analytical approaches.Moreover, no comprehensive synthesis has quantitatively evaluated the association between air pollution, particularly PM₂.₅, and glaucoma risk.