Revisit viscous shock tube at low Reynolds number

The viscous shock tube is a canonical test case for assessing Navier–Stokes (NS) solvers in the continuum-flow regime, widely used to validate numerical accuracy and probe flow physics. It features a rich set of interacting structures – shock and rarefaction waves, contact discontinuities, boundary layers and their couplings – spanning multiple spatial and temporal scales. However, NS-based modelling, which presumes near-equilibrium behaviour, may fail to capture important non-equilibrium effects even in nominally continuum conditions. This study investigates the viscous shock tube at low Reynolds numbers and demonstrates the presence of non-equilibrium phenomena within the conventional continuum regime. To obtain physically consistent solutions across scales, we employ the unified gas-kinetic scheme (UGKS) and compare its results with NS solutions computed using the gas-kinetic scheme (GKS). Discrepancies between UGKS and GKS solutions reveal pronounced non-equilibrium effects in regions where shock waves interact with boundary layers. For continuum flows at high Mach and low Reynolds numbers, such multiscale non-equilibrium transport becomes important, underscoring the need for multiscale methods in analysis and prediction.