Scaling innovative, low-impact tourism practices in African mixed world heritage sites post-COVID: perspectives from Maloti-Drakensberg Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area

Purpose This study aimed at analyzing the post-COVID-19 resilience and recovery trajectories of two African mixed World Heritage Sites (WHS), the Maloti-Drakensberg Park and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. The study explored how these sites' dual natural and cultural management, stakeholder dynamics and governance structures influenced the scaling of innovative, low-impact tourism practices in response to the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on qualitative interviews with [n = 12] key informants in site management and planning roles, the research investigates how these sites navigated the pandemic, what strategies were employed to support recovery and what challenges persist. Findings Findings reveal that while both sites demonstrated operational resilience through health protocols, digital engagement and domestic tourism pivots, they continue to face systemic barriers such as governance fragmentation, limited innovation capacity and cultural resistance to scientific adaptation. Importantly, the study shows that mixed WHS require tailored recovery frameworks that reflect their complex mandates. Originality/value It contributes to the growing body of literature on heritage resilience by offering rare empirical insights from under-represented African contexts. The paper concludes with recommendations for integrated governance, diversified funding and inclusive policy reform to strengthen the long-term sustainability of mixed WHS in an increasingly uncertain global landscape.