Cladribine: A Therapy Bringing Hope for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurological disorder that affects the central nervous system. Its exact cause remains unknown, but it is believed to result from both genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The two MS phases include a progressive phase and a relapsing-remitting phase. Although the mechanisms driving relapse incidence remain unknown, efforts to identify the cause and prevent MS are ongoing. Methods: This narrative review summarizes the current evidence of cladribine’s role in managing the forms of relapsing MS. A focused literature search of six major databases was performed to identify relevant publications. Results: Cladribine has been used as a medication for hairy cell leukemia since 1993, and in 2017, it obtained approval for the treatment of MS in adults. In the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS, cladribine offers three significant benefits. First, it is reported to have a safe profile. Second, it requires only two brief annual treatment courses over two years. Third, it has a low cost. Furthermore, it has gained approval from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Conclusion: Cladribine is highly effective against MS progression; it cuts the relapse rates by nearly half. Future research should focus on the long-term effect of cladribine use, specifically on the central nervous system, in the context of MS management.