Dual Marker Co-Expressed Exosome-Based Liquid Biopsy Electrochemical Assay for Enhanced-Accuracy Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

TDEs, while anti-B7H3-conjugated iron-manganese silicate nanozymes (IMSNs) amplified the electrochemical signals. A specific electrochemical response occurred only when both markers were highly expressed on TDEs, eliminating false positives from inflammation-induced PSA elevation. Coupled with high sensitivity (detection limit: 81 particles/mL) and specificity for TDEs detection, the assay successfully screened 50 PCa patients, 33 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, and 20 healthy controls, enabling enhanced-accuracy diagnosis of PCa.