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Combined with the background that the global population aging process continues to accelerate, and the aging speed of China far outpaces the world average, this paper systematically summarizes the latest research progress of immunosenescence, elucidates its regulatory mechanism, association with diseases and intervention strategies, so as to provide theoretical reference and conceptual support for subsequent basic research and clinical intervention. We mainly focuse on immune senescence, elaborating the senescence mechanism and characteristics of T cells and B cells in adaptive immunity, and NK cells, monocyte-macrophages, and neutrophils in innate immunity. On this basis, we further analyze the mechanism of the deterioration of immune microenvironment caused by lymphoid tissue degeneration, chronic antigen stimulation, and inflammatory senescence, and the promotion effect of the deterioration of immune microenvironment on immune senescence, and discuss the heterogeneity of immune senescence in different disease backgrounds and the bidirectional regulatory relationship with diseases. Finally, this article summarizes three kinds of immune promotion strategies, including stem cell therapy, drug intervention and lifestyle modification. It is proposed that immunosenescence is a multi-dimensional and systemic physiological and pathological process, and its core feature is the synergistic senescence of innate and adaptive immune cells. The cell autonomous regulatory mechanism and microenvironmental signaling pathways interact to form a vicious circle. Therefore, future research should focus on the elucidation of the programmed regulatory network of immune senescence and the verification of the causal association between age-related diseases, break through the key technologies such as the targeted clearance of aging immune cells and the functional reprogramming of immune cells, and build a quantifiable, dynamic, and repeatable biomarker and comprehensive evaluation system of immune senescence. In order to achieve the core goals of delaying the process of immune senescence, reducing the risk of diseases in the elderly and extending the healthy life span of the elderly, it is necessary to further understand the interactive regulatory mechanism of cross-organ immune network, eventually promote the clinical translation of basic research results to the maintenance of health in the elderly, and develop personalized intervention strategies for immune aging.
HU et al. (Mon,) studied this question.