A Comprehensive Study of Bidirectional Interactions Between the Human Microbiome and Blood Malignancies and Hematologic Conditions: Focus on Novel Therapeutic Strategies

BACKGROUND: The human microbiota plays a key role in maintaining host homeostasis by regulating immune responses, metabolism, and hematopoiesis. Microbial dysbiosis has been increasingly associated with immune dysfunction, inflammation, and bone marrow abnormalities that may contribute to hematological diseases. This review summarizes current evidence on the role of the microbiota in normal hematopoiesis and its potential involvement in benign and malignant hematological disorders. METHODS: A narrative literature review was conducted through comprehensive searches of major scientific databases without time restrictions using the keywords Microbiome, Dysbiosis, Hematopoiesis, Anemia, Immune Thrombocytopenia, Congenital Neutropenia, Thrombosis, Lymphoma, Leukemia, and Multiple Myeloma. Relevant experimental, clinical, and review articles were screened and synthesized. RESULTS: Available evidence suggests that the microbiota may influence hematopoietic stem cell function, immune cell development, and hematopoietic homeostasis. Microbial dysbiosis has been proposed to be associated with benign hematological disorders, including anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, congenital neutropenia, and thrombosis, as well as hematological malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Certain bacterial and viral infections may also influence disease progression and therapeutic responses. Microbiota-targeted interventions, including probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation, and other microbiome-based therapies, have shown potential as adjunctive therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests that microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of various hematological disorders. A better understanding of host-microbiota interactions may support the development of novel biomarkers and microbiota-based therapeutic approaches, although further clinical studies are required to confirm their efficacy and safety.