Formulation and Evaluation of Selenium Nanoparticles Derived From Bark Extract of Acacia Nilotica for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity: A Comprehensive Review

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms continue to be a major global health concern. The widespread and often inappropriate use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, reducing the effectiveness of conventional therapies. This growing challenge has prompted researchers to seek alternative and innovative strategies to combat microbial resistance. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field in biomedical science due to its ability to manipulate materials at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles exhibit unique physicochemical properties, including a high surface-to-volume ratio, improved solubility, and enhanced interaction with biological systems. These features make them highly suitable for applications in drug delivery and antimicrobial therapy. Among various nanomaterials, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained significant attention owing to their biocompatibility and diverse pharmacological activities. Selenium is an essential trace element involved in antioxidant defense and immune system regulation. However, its conventional forms can be toxic at higher concentrations. Converting selenium into nanoparticle form reduces toxicity while preserving or even enhancing its biological efficacy.