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This article investigates how public toilet provision reflects sanitation infrastructure within different planning systems.

Planning, state form and public toilet provision in Manchester and Suzhou: Sanitation infrastructure in comparative perspective

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This article investigates how public toilet provision reflects sanitation infrastructure within different planning systems.
Qualitative document-based comparison of public toilet provision in Manchester and Suzhou.
Analysis of cultural legitimisation, regulatory instrumentation, and sanitation network density.
Examination of governance styles and political economies affecting toilet provision.
Suzhou has a dense and monitored toilet network due to campaign-style governance and inspection regimes.
Manchester's toilet provision is discretionary, shaped by a permissive framework and political austerity.
The contrast reveals how different state forms and infrastructures impact access to sanitation and urban life.

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Qualitative comparison examines how planning systems influence toilet provision in Manchester and Suzhou, highlighting state capacity differences.

Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Qualitative comparison examines how planning systems influence toilet provision in Manchester and Suzhou, highlighting state capacity differences.