Testing measurement invariance of the Brief Symptom Inventory across race, sex, and time among adults with cocaine use disorder.

= 9.49). Factor analyses supported an eight-factor model for the BSI and a three-factor model for the BSI-18, largely consistent with recommended scoring guidelines. We did not find support for measurement invariance of either the full BSI or the BSI-18 across race, sex, or time. After model trimming, we were able to identify models for which invariance testing could be conducted. We found evidence for weak factorial invariance of versions of the BSI and BSI-18 by race and versions of the BSI by sex, and strict factorial invariance of versions of the BSI by time and versions of the BSI-18 by sex and time. Findings suggest that caution is warranted when making comparisons across race, sex, or time using the full BSI or BSI-18 among individuals seeking treatment for cocaine use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).