Therapeutic potential of Verbascum sinaiticum benth (Scrophulariaceae): a systematic review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities

Background Verbascum sinaiticum Benth (Scrophulariaceae) is widely utilized in traditional medicine across Africa and the Middle East for the management of diverse human ailments. Despite extensive ethnomedicinal use, a consolidated evaluation of its phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential remains limited. This systematic review synthesizes available evidence on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicity profile of Verbascum sinaiticum. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Global Index Medicus from database inception to May 30, 2025. Eligible studies included ethnobotanical surveys, phytochemical analyses, and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological investigations. Study quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. Results Of 1,729 records identified, 46 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 25 ethnobotanical surveys, 8 phytochemical investigations, and 13 pharmacological studies. Verbascum sinaiticum is traditionally used for gastrointestinal disorders, infections, metabolic conditions, and wound management. Phytochemical analyses identified predominant flavonoids and iridoid glycosides, including luteolin, chrysoeriol, ajugol, and aucubin. Preclinical evidence demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antitrypanosomal, hepatoprotective, and wound-healing activities. However, these effects are supported largely by in vitro data and a limited number of in vivo studies, with substantial heterogeneity in experimental models, extraction methods, and outcome measures. Conclusion Verbascum sinaiticum exhibits broad pharmacological potential supported by ethnomedicinal evidence and bioactive phytoconstituents. The current evidence base is predominantly preclinical and methodologically heterogeneous. Rigorous, standardized experimental studies and well-designed clinical trials are required to validate its safety, efficacy, and translational therapeutic value. Clinical trial number Not applicable.