Iterative Design and Mixed Methods Approach to Developing a Multi-Spectrum of Care Education Model

Veterinary students must be equipped to navigate the complex contextual factors that influence clinical decision-making. The Spectrum of Care (SOC) framework, which emphasizes tailoring medical decisions to contextual factors such as client resources, patient needs, and practice limitations, has gained traction in veterinary education. However, practical tools to teach and apply SOC principles remain limited. This manuscript describes the development and iterative refinement of the Multi-Spectrum of Care (MSOC) educational model at Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine. Designed as a learning tool to enhance student understanding and application of SOC concepts, the MSOC model was integrated into clinical rotations and evaluated across three deployment phases. Using a mixed methods approach, feedback from veterinary students informed successive revisions, leading to a final version that emphasizes independent consideration of contextual factors and avoids hierarchical framing of care options. Survey data and thematic analysis revealed that the model increased student awareness of non-cost contextual factors, improved critical thinking, and supported the development of multiple care pathways. Students reported that the model helped to structure their clinical reasoning and fostered a deeper understanding of SOC principles. The MSOC model demonstrates promise as a flexible educational tool that can be implemented across varied clinical and educational settings. While further refinement and broader testing are warranted, this model represents a meaningful step toward operationalizing SOC education and preparing students for the realities of contemporary veterinary practice.