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The review examines how genetic variation influences variability in drug efficacy and adverse drug responses, focusing primarily on medications utilized in cardiovascular therapy.

July 11, 2026CirculationOpen Access

Pharmacogenomics

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The review examines how genetic variation influences variability in drug efficacy and adverse drug responses, focusing primarily on medications utilized in cardiovascular therapy.
Synthesized findings from candidate gene analyses, twin studies, and genome-wide association studies evaluating drug response phenotypes.
Assessed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic determinants of variable drug metabolism, focusing on the cytochrome P450 enzyme superfamily.
Evaluated genetic contributors to antiplatelet and anticoagulant responses, specifically clopidogrel and warfarin dosing.
Genome-wide association studies identified VKORC1 and CYP2C9 as the primary genetic contributors to steady-state warfarin dose variability, with minor contributions from CYP4F2.
Approximately 70% of variability in clopidogrel response is heritable, with a single locus encompassing CYP2C19 contributing ~15% to that variability.
Loss of CYP2D6 function affects 5–10% of European and African populations, while CYP3A5*3 variant frequency is higher in Caucasians (0.85) than African Americans (0.55).

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Implication

Review describes the contribution of genetic variation to variable cardiovascular drug responses, highlighting mechanisms to guide personalized pharmacotherapy.

Cite This Study

Roden et al. (2011) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a52b35824dfd9b603a0924a https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.109.914820

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Implication

Review describes the contribution of genetic variation to variable cardiovascular drug responses, highlighting mechanisms to guide personalized pharmacotherapy.

Pharmacogenomics

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Pharmacogenomics

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Implication

Cite This Study

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