Beyond pride: a tripartite motivation framework for language planning in the Balinese context

Indigenous languages face increasing pressure from national and global languages, yet many young speakers continue to use them for reasons not fully understood. This study investigates what motivates Balinese youth to sustain their language in a multilingual society and how these motivations inform language planning. Using a mixed-methods design, the study analyses survey data (N = 259) and open-ended responses (N = 73) to examine four motivational constructs: sense of identity, socio-cultural connectedness, sense of responsibility, and multilingualism goals. Structural equation modeling shows that socio-cultural connectedness and multilingualism goals significantly predict motivation intensity, whereas identity and responsibility, though positively valued, have weaker behavioral effects. These findings support a tripartite model of Indigenous language motivation: value-based (identity, responsibility), use-based (socio-cultural connectedness), and goal-oriented (multilingualism), that links individual motivation to ideological, status, and acquisition dimensions of language planning. The study argues that effective revitalization must move beyond symbolic pride toward everyday relational use and the integration of Indigenous languages into multilingual planning frameworks.