What drives social acceptance of energy infrastructure? Comparing the expansion of wind, PV, and grid

The transformation of energy systems requires not only technical and economic planning but also public acceptance. However, the social dimension of energy infrastructure planning has often been overlooked, although public acceptance can significantly influence the feasibility and pace of renewable energy expansion. This study investigates public acceptance of the expansion of 3 key energy transition technologies in the context of the German energy transition ( Energiewende ): wind power, photovoltaic (PV) systems, and transmission lines. Using a survey-based approach, we examined acceptance levels and identified predictors across social, spatial, and individual dimensions in a German lay sample (N = 146). PV systems were most widely accepted, while transmission lines encountered the greatest skepticism. These differences are linked to perceived intrusiveness, ownership structures, and environmental framing. Technological self-efficacy and employment in the energy sector predicted acceptance of wind and grid infrastructure, but not of PV. The findings underline the need for technology-specific strategies to foster public acceptance. Future research should adopt system-level perspectives, explore regional differences, and investigate the temporal stability of acceptance.