Stress: A Comparative Analysis of Unani and Modern Medical Perspectives

Stress is a pervasive and multifactorial condition that plays a pivotal role in the onset, progression, and outcome of numerous physical and psychological disorders. Both Unani medicine and modern biomedicine acknowledge the profound impact of stress on human health; however, they interpret its nature, mechanisms, and consequences through distinct theoretical paradigms. In Unani medicine, stress is viewed as a disturbance of mizaj (temperament) and imbalance of akhlaṭ (humors), leading to impairment of quwa (vital, psychic, and natural faculties), particularly the quwwat-e-nafsaniya. Dysregulation of Asbab-e-Sitta Zaruriya, along with emotional and environmental factors, is considered central to the development of stress-related conditions. Conversely, modern medicine conceptualizes stress as a psychophysiological response to perceived stressors, mediated primarily through neuroendocrine pathways such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system, resulting in hormonal, metabolic, and immunological alterations. This review critically examines and compares the conceptual foundations, etiopathogenesis, and pathophysiological interpretations of stress in Unani and modern medical systems. By highlighting areas of convergence and divergence, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive and integrative understanding of stress, thereby supporting the development of holistic and evidence-informed strategies for stress prevention and management.