‘Watch and learn’: the learning architecture of agricultural skill acquisition in rural China’s agrarian networks

Purpose This study aims to explore the core mechanism of Chinese farmers’ acquisition and refinement of agricultural skills via autonomous ‘watching and learning’, and to identify the contributing aspects and learning logic involved. Understanding this informal process is critical for optimizing skill development strategies aimed at China’s rural revitalization.Design/Methodology Using grounded theory, this research conducted in-depth interviews with farmers in seven Jiangxi villages, China. Qualitative data analysis systematically identified patterns, categories, and the central logic underpinning the ‘watching and learning’ phenomenon.Findings (1) Contextual conditions comprise geographic conditions, community norms, pre-existing skill levels, and others’ experiences; (2) The primary goal of ‘watching and learning’ is recognition-driven gains, including basic skill acquisition, tacit knowledge accumulation, and enhanced self-affirmation; (3) Farmers follow a specific learning logic sequence: ‘anticipatory assessment – selective engagement – holistic learning’, utilizing discreet watching techniques throughout the process.Practical Implications Agricultural training and extension programs should recognize, leverage, and potentially formally integrate aspects of this indigenous learning approach to enhance their effectiveness and sustainability.Theoretical Implications This study develops a nuanced framework for understanding informal skill acquisition, enriching scholarly understanding of pragmatic, context-embedded learning processes within agricultural communities.Novelty/Significance of the Study This study presents significant new insights into agricultural mimetic/informal learning theory and farmers’ education policy.