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Chinese Kung Fu not only emphasizes external techniques and movements but also places great importance on the cultivation of internal states such as Fa Li (force exertion) and Qi (energy control). However, existing motor learning systems predominantly focus on improving movement accuracy, with limited attention to the awareness and guidance of these internal states. Kung Fu films often use visual effects (VFX) to vividly express traditional cultural imagery. Inspired by this, we designed and developed a wearable motor learning system and interactive interface that integrates interactive VFX and haptic feedback to enhance users’ awareness of internal states such as force exertion and Qi, thereby improving both learning effectiveness and user experience. Through prototyping and an exploratory study, we found that the system significantly improved users’ awareness of Qi and force exertion, as well as their overall training experience. In addition, we identified several usability issues and proposed corresponding design improvements. This study introduces a novel visualization framework for internal state cues in Kung Fu training, offering new perspectives and practical approaches for the design of motor learning systems.
Zhang et al. (Sun,) studied this question.