The relationship between Nijmegen questionnaire and maximal inspiratory pressure in females with symptoms of breathing pattern disorder

INTRODUCTION: Breathing pattern disorders (BPD) are more prevalent in females and are characterised by irregular breathing patterns. The Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) is commonly used to assess symptoms associated with BPD. Research suggests that females with BPD may have weaker respiratory muscles, as indicated by thinner diaphragms. This study examines the relationship between symptoms associated with BPD (as measured by the NQ) and inspiratory muscle strength, assessed via Maximum Inspiratory Pressure (MIP). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 92 female participants. Symptoms associated with dysfunctional breathing were assessed using the NQ, and inspiratory strength was measured using MIP. Pearson correlation analysis was performed using SPSS to evaluate the relationship between NQ scores and MIP. RESULTS: A significant negative correlation was observed between NQ scores and MIP (r (90) = -0.31, p < 0.01). In the 30-39 age group, the correlation was stronger (r (19) = -0.58, p = 0.008), indicating that higher inspiratory muscle strength is associated with lower NQ scores. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest a weak but significant association between inspiratory muscle strength and symptom burden associated with BPD in females. While inspiratory muscle strength may contribute to symptom burden, psychological and biochemical factors are also likely involved. CONCLUSION: A holistic approach is recommended for assessing BPD, considering multiple contributing factors. Future research should include more diverse measurements, populations and explore causal relationships.