Accuracy of virtual facebow compared to conventional facebow: a systematic review

Digital technologies are rapidly evolving and have been introduced across many fields in dentistry, particularly prosthetic and restorative dentistry. In digital treatment planning, virtual articulators are helpful in simulating complex maxillomandibular movements and analyzing occlusion. Despite these advancements, evidence-based literature standardizing the transfer of clinical data to virtual environments remains limited. The aim of this review was to explore the accuracy of various methods in transferring maxillary digital models to virtual articulators compared with conventional facebow techniques. The research (PICO) question focused on assessing the accuracy of virtual facebow transfer compared to that of conventional facebows. An electronic search was performed in 3 databases between January 2014 to December 2025: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria included in vitro studies, clinical trials, case reports, clinical reports, and clinical techniques that evaluated the accuracy of virtual articulation in fixed prosthodontics for dentate patients, published in English. Studies were excluded if they were not in English, involved orthognathic surgery, focused on edentulous patients, or were published before 2014. A comprehensive search was conducted in December 2025. Two reviewers (PE, HA) independently examined the identified papers in accordance with the predetermined qualifying criteria. For each included study, publication details, study characteristics, and methodological aspects were documented. The total number of articles retrieved was 1,916. Of these articles, 10 met the inclusion criteria and were used for qualitative synthesis. Several techniques were reported for transferring the maxillary model to virtual articulator, such as digital photographs, face scans with or without intraoral or extraoral scan body, smartphone applications, digital photographs using Kois glasses, CBCT, and stereophotogrammetry. Most studies showed comparable accuracy of different digital methods that transfer the maxillary cast to the articulator. However, one study showed that the photography-based method demonstrated superior trueness and precision compared to both facial scanning and the conventional facebow technique. Another study found that the accuracy of positioning a maxillary digital scan relative to a 3D facial scan using a virtual facebow technique is highly dependent on the facial scanning method employed. Virtual facebow transfer can be recorded using techniques such as digital photographs, face scans, virtual facebow software, and smartphone scanning. Virtual facebow systems demonstrate promising repeatability and clinically acceptable transfer accuracy in selected workflows; however, due to heterogeneity among available studies, definitive conclusions regarding any improvement over conventional techniques cannot yet be drawn. Further standardized in vitro and clinical studies with large sample sizes, standardized assessments, and comparison methods are needed to draw meaningful conclusions in order to prove precedence of one method over the other. However, the use of a device to facilitate the transfer of a virtual maxillary cast to a virtual articulator has been promising.