A Review of Automatic Measurement of Learning Engagement Using Body Clues

Learning engagement is an overarching multifaceted construct that includes behavioral, cognitive, and emotional dimensions. The static subjective measurements may lead to inaccurate results. Considering the authenticity and reliability of body signals, this study investigated the types of body cues used in measuring learning engagement and their relationship with engagement. By examining non‐verbal visual, speech, vital, and hybrid cues, we find that non‐verbal visual cues offer moderate‐to‐high accuracy at low cost and are widely applicable; vital signals achieve high accuracy but are intrusive, expensive, and largely lab‐confined; speech cues perform moderately in communication‐rich settings; and hybrid cues attain the highest potential accuracy through multimodal fusion, albeit with added complexity. We also find that measuring both the levels and states of engagement contributes to a better understanding of learning engagement. However, “levels” may require more subjective judgment, whereas “states” may be less straightforward to interpret. Moreover, collecting more contextual cues helps to measure learning engagement accurately. Because the engagement is multi‐sensory triggered, hybrid cues make the measurement more realistic and reliable due to more auxiliary cues. These findings offer practical guidance for selecting suitable measurement tools across educational contexts and highlight the necessity of multimodal context‐aware systems for precise and objective perception of learning engagement.