An integrated rational-intuitive knowledge-based decision-making model for facade aesthetics using SMART method

This study presents an integrated intuitive-computational method for evaluating façade aesthetics. Traditional assessments often rely on intuition, which can be influenced by cognitive biases. To address this limitation, this research introduces a quantitative framework for aesthetic evaluation, offering a novel contribution to architectural and urban design decision-making. Informed aesthetics review leads to well-designed façades, thereby enhancing the overall quality of the built environment. The methodology consisted of four main stages. First, key criteria for evaluating facade aesthetics were adopted from existing literature, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to assess their relative importance. Second, the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) was employed to weight these criteria and develop an aesthetics assessment model. Each facade was evaluated twice: once based on expert intuition, and once using the selected criteria. A customized scoring system was used for the second evaluation, adapted from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Guide No. 452. Third, to test the model, facades’ performance data were collected through a custom-designed questionnaire. Finally, the results were analyzed to determine facade quality, and the outcomes of the intuitive and criteria-based assessments were compared. The model was tested with six professionals and twelve case studies in Tehran. Findings showed an 80% consistency between intuitive and computational assessments. Additionally, 75% of cases reached consensus among all six experts. The most influential criteria were ‘Proportions and geometric coherence’ and ‘Composition of materials and colors.’ This method helps reduce biases in aesthetic evaluations. Automating the process could further enhance its efficiency.