Evolution of pupils’ environmental awareness during the primary education stage

In light of the current environmental crisis, environmental education is one of the most effective tools for preparing future citizens. This study analyses variations in environmental awareness in a sample of 239 Spanish primary school pupils across different grades, focusing on four domains: cognitive understanding, emotional connections, intentions, and active engagement, and highlights grade-based differences. The results revealed significant engagement in pro-environmental behaviors among younger students, followed by a gradual decline as they age, highlighting the importance of early and continuous environmental education. Gender differences were evident, with females displaying stronger emotional connections and greater engagement in eco-friendly behaviors. Addressing the knowledge-behavior gap and using emotional engagement can enhance environmental education effectiveness, empowering children to become proactive agents of the environment and contribute to a sustainable future.