What question did this study set out to answer?

This study aims to investigate Turkey’s higher education internationalization through the lens of education diplomacy and soft power.

Soft power in practice: a three-level analysis of Turkey’s higher education internationalization

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Mixed-methods study examines gaps in Turkey’s education diplomacy and soft power via three governance levels.

This study aims to investigate Turkey’s higher education internationalization through the lens of education diplomacy and soft power.
Mixed-methods approach combining nationwide survey data and semi-structured interviews
Data collected from policymakers, institutions, and international students between 2022 and 2024
Focus on principal-agent dynamics, policy implementation, and governance structures.
Expansion in international student mobility observed, though gaps exist between policy ambitions and implementation
Identified issues include principal-agent misalignments and weak policy feedback resulting from street-level discretion
Conceptualization of education diplomacy highlights the role of language instruction and alumni engagement in strengthening soft power.

Altıok et al. (2026) studied this question.

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