Exploring Non-Formal Education's role in the rehabilitation and social reintegration of young offenders: A comprehensive literature review

This literature review examines the role of non-formal education (NFE) in the rehabilitation and social reintegration of young people in the justice system. Drawing on 23 empirical and evaluation studies published between 2006 and 2025, it applies a literature review with systematic search and qualitative thematic synthesis to NFE programmes implemented in custodial and community-based justice settings across diverse countries. Findings indicate that well-designed NFE may enhance educational engagement, social and emotional competences, agency and hope, and may contribute to reduced reoffending and improved reintegration, particularly when programmes are voluntary, participatory and facilitated by trained educators embedded in supportive institutional cultures. However, the evidence base remains fragmented, with small samples, limited longitudinal data, and weak integration between NFE initiatives and youth justice policies. This review calls for more robust, participatory and context-sensitive evaluations to sustain and scale effective practices.