Modelling preparedness for multiple climate hazards among Ghanaian cocoa farmers using the Cragg double hurdle approach

Climate change presents significant challenges to agricultural productivity, with smallholder farmers in developing countries being particularly vulnerable. Cocoa farmers in Ghana, a cornerstone of the nation’s economy, remain inadequately equipped to cope with climate-induced hazards. This study evaluates the preparedness of cocoa farmers to respond to multiple climate-related risks, including extreme rainfall, drought, and heatwaves. Data were collected from 200 cocoa farmers using a structured questionnaire and a multi-stage sampling technique. The Cragg double hurdle model was employed to examine both the decision to prepare and the intensity of preparedness. Findings reveal that while 64% of farmers perceive themselves as prepared, the overall intensity of preparedness is low (preparedness index = 2.14). Socio-demographic factors, including gender, education, household headship, and engagement in secondary occupations, significantly influence both preparedness and its intensity. The study also identifies high adoption rates of adaptive practices, such as planting shade trees, mulching, and manure application. Strengthening farmers’ resilience through the establishment of weather monitoring systems, mobile-based weather forecasting tools, and targeted training in climate data interpretation is recommended. These interventions can enhance preparedness, support informed decision-making, and reduce vulnerability to climate-related hazards.