Comprehensive Review on Thermoplastic Polyurethane: Applications in Wound Healing and Smart Healthcare

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is an important polymer widely used in biomedical applications owing to its flexibility, strength, low toxicity, and biocompatibility. The TPU structure is classified into two types—soft and hard segments—which can be easily modified to achieve the desired mechanical and biological properties, making TPU an ideal material for wound healing and smart healthcare systems. Unlike conventional thermoset polyurethanes, TPU has a segmented architecture with soft and hard domains that undergo microphase separation. This unique structure provides an excellent balance of elasticity, toughness, flexibility, and processability, allowing TPU to better mimic the mechanical behavior of soft biological tissues, making it suitable for wound healing and smart healthcare applications. TPU-based dressings provide a moist environment, allow oxygen to pass through, and protect wounds from bacterial infection. Compared with traditional materials, TPU offers greater elasticity, durability, and patient comfort. In addition, TPU plays a key role in wearable sensors, electronics, and real-time monitoring devices. TPU-based smart materials can detect pH, temperature, and moisture levels to monitor wound conditions and overall patient health. This review highlights the potential of TPU as a promising material for wound healing and numerous smart healthcare applications.