and a detection limit nearly three orders of magnitude below typical hydroponic potassium levels, with measurements in close agreement with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Overall, this work establishes a sustainable strategy for scalable SC-ISE manufacturing and provides a versatile platform for high-performance ion sensing with direct implications for hydroponic agriculture, environmental monitoring, and other electrochemical sensing applications requiring selective ion detection.
Miliao et al. (2026) studied this question.