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Narrative review summarizes multi-organ damage associated with lead, cadmium, and arsenic in the Mexican population, suggesting urgent need for better research standards.
Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) are persistent environmental pollutants that significantly threaten public health in Mexico.This review summarizes the last decade's scientific literature on biomarkers of effect in the Mexican population exposed to these metals.A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar, revealing consistent associations between exposure to these metals and various biomarkers indicative of renal, neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, and pulmonary damage, in addition to oxidative stress and genotoxicity.The findings suggest multi-organ effects may occur even at low concentrations.However, methodological heterogeneity and the limited assessment of combined exposures underscore the necessity for standardized and integrative research approaches.Future studies should address co-exposure scenarios and regional variability to enhance epidemiological surveillance and guide preventive actions.Biomarkers of effect represent essential tools for the early detection of toxicity and the development of public health interventions to reduce the impact of heavy metal exposure in Mexico.
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Govea-Torres et al. (2026) studied this question.
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