Sustainable Innovation in Perovskite Solar Modules: Life Cycle Assessment and End-of-Life Management for Commercial Viability

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as one of the most promising next-generation photovoltaic (PV) technologies due to their high power conversion efficiencies, low-temperature processing, and potential for low-cost manufacturing. Despite these advantages, several challenges remain that hinder their large-scale commercialization, particularly related to environmental sustainability, long-term stability, and end-of-life management (EoL). Life cycle assessment (LCA) has become an essential tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of emerging PV technologies and to identify critical hotspots across the supply chain. At the same time, concerns regarding material toxicity, particularly lead content, as well as the lack of established recycling pathways, highlight the importance of effective EoL management strategies. This review examines the current state of research on the life cycle environmental performance of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) and evaluates emerging approaches for sustainable EoL management. The study synthesizes the existing literature on manufacturing processes, environmental impact indicators, material recovery, recycling technologies, and circular economy strategies relevant to perovskite PVs. Particular attention is given to innovation-driven approaches that integrate sustainability considerations into technology development and commercialization pathways. By identifying key environmental hotspots, technological challenges, and research gaps, this review provides insights into how sustainable innovation and circular resource management can support the transition of PSMs from laboratory-scale research to economically viable and scalable commercial deployment.