Multidisciplinary Management of Complicated Locally Advanced and Fungating Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review

Context: Locally advanced fungating breast cancer complicated by hemorrhage or infection represents a complex clinical condition that often requires a rapid and coordinated multidisciplinary approach. Although international guidelines, such as those developed by ESMO and NCCN, provide well-defined principles for the management of locally advanced breast cancer, they offer limited recommendations regarding the management of complicated fungating forms. Methods: We conducted a structured narrative review of the literature using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, including studies published between December 2019 and March 2026. Studies addressing locally advanced breast cancer and fungating forms complicated by hemorrhage or infection were included. Results: Available data are heterogeneous and derive primarily from case reports, small case series and retrospective studies. Systemic therapy remains the cornerstone of oncologic control; however, the presence of acute complications often necessitates prioritization of local interventions depending on the patient’s clinical stability. Hemorrhage may be managed through arterial embolization, hemostatic dressings or radiotherapy, whereas infection requires local wound care and targeted antibiotic therapy. These interventions aim to control acute symptoms and stabilize patients, thereby facilitating the subsequent integration of oncologic treatment. Emergency surgical intervention is reserved for selected cases, particularly when conservative measures fail to control bleeding or in the presence of persistent sepsis. Conclusions: The management of fungating breast cancer should be individualized and guided by the clinical presentation within a multidisciplinary team setting rather than by a rigid therapeutic sequence. This paper proposes a pragmatic, symptom-oriented clinical framework integrating all currently available therapeutic modalities (systemic therapy, radiotherapy, interventional radiology, surgery, and supportive care) with the aim of supporting decision-making in complex clinical scenarios.