Immunotherapeutics have rapidly evolved as an advanced cancer therapeutic strategy, offering superior survival compared to conventional treatments. This strategy catalyzed both generalized and precision‐based cancer therapeutics. Nevertheless, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and lack of safe and effective cargo delivery vehicles limit their therapeutic potential. Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as a versatile platform to mitigate these constraints, owing to their intrinsic immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and engineering flexibility. Their structural versatility enables the delivery of diverse therapeutic cargos, while preserving their ability to boost the immune system. Their inherited capabilities to induce macrophage activation and polarization, dendritic cell maturation, and promote T cell‐mediated antitumor immunity underscore their suitability. This review outlined structural diversity and biogenesis mechanisms of BMVs and explored the underlying roles in immunomodulation within TME. Rather than focusing solely on vesicles derived from Gram‐negative bacteria, we emphasize the emerging potential of Gram‐positive bacteria‐derived vesicles as an overlooked aspect in cancer therapeutics. The review also sheds light on recent advancements of BMV‐based therapy, offering mechanistic insights into therapeutic and vaccination modalities. Overall, this review consolidates the fundamentals of BMVs and their applications, serving as a comprehensive resource to address existing knowledge gaps and unresolved challenges in cancer immune therapy.
Rahi et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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