Motivations and Challenges of International Student Mobility in Higher Education: A Systematic Review

Between 2000 and 2021, the number of internationally mobile students increased from 2.1 million to 6.4 million, reflecting the growing significance of international student mobility (ISM) in higher education. In recent years, study destinations have become increasingly diverse, particularly in the post-pandemic context, leading to evolving motivations and challenges among international students. However, existing literature lacks a comprehensive synthesis of these changing patterns. This study draws on 78 articles published between 2015 and 2024 in Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) to provide a systematic review of motivations and challenges in higher education mobility. The review identifies two major domains: motivations (seven sub-themes) and challenges (five sub-themes). In addition, two cross-cutting themes emerge – adaptation (two sub-themes) and advantages (three sub-themes) – which are consistently reflected across both domains. The findings reveal shifting patterns in the relative importance of motivations and challenges, highlighting the dynamic nature of ISM. The review further identifies connections to under-explored areas, particularly students’ adaptation processes and the advantages associated with studying abroad. The study contributes by offering an integrated perspective and recommends more research with a stronger regional focus, especially in the post-pandemic era, while emphasizing the need for inclusive policies that address diverse student needs.