Advances in Bilosomal Drug Delivery Systems: Formulation Approaches and In Vitro Characterization for CNS Targeting

In order to overcome the drawbacks of traditional dosage forms, sophisticated nano-vesicular drug delivery systems have been developed as a result of recent advancements in pharmaceutical sciences. Because of their improved stability, flexibility, and capacity to promote medication absorption across biological barriers, bilosomes have drawn a lot of attention. Comprising non-ionic surfactants or phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile salts, bilosomes are bile salt-stabilized vesicular carriers that offer protection against enzymatic degradation and challenging physiological circumstances. Bilosomes are appropriate for oral, transdermal, and central nervous system (CNS) medication administration because of these special qualities. With an emphasis on formulation techniques and in vitro characterisation criteria, this review offers a thorough and critical analysis of bilosomes. The impact of preparation methods and formulation ingredients on drug release behaviour, entrapment efficiency, surface charge, and vesicle size are emphasised. To shed light on bilosome performance, a variety of in vitro evaluation techniques are compiled, such as particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, morphological investigations, and cellular uptake evaluations. The dopamine agonist pramipexole, which is frequently used to treat Parkinson's disease, is described as a model medication to show how bilosomes can be employed in CNS therapy. Pramipexole has serious delivery concerns due to its short half-life, limited brain penetration, and dose-related side effects. These issues may be resolved by employing nano-vesicular devices. Overall, this review highlights the promise of bilosomes as effective drug carriers that can improve therapeutic results, increase bioavailability, and open up new avenues for CNS-targeted drug delivery.