Epidemiology of Patients With Chronic Liver Disease Presenting to Emergency Departments in Australia

Objective To describe the epidemiology, healthcare utilisation and outcomes of patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with chronic liver disease (CLD) in Queensland, Australia. Methods This statewide data linkage study included adult patients with CLD‐related diagnoses across 104 Queensland Health EDs between 1 January 2016 and 31 August 2023. Emergency, inpatient and mortality data were linked. Patients were stratified by cirrhosis status and decompensation. Outcome was 30‐day mortality. Poisson regression assessed trends, and Cox regression evaluated mortality. Results Amongst 15,999,186 ED presentations, 23,578 (0.15%) were related to CLD, involving 11,961 patients. Presentations increased by 2% annually (IRR 1.02, 95% CI 1.02–1.03). Cirrhosis accounted for 18,735 presentations (79.5%). Overall, 20,312 presentations (86.1%) resulted in hospital admission, 918 (4.5%) were admitted to intensive care units (ICU), and 963 (4.1%) resulted in in‐hospital death. Amongst patients with cirrhosis, 16,968 (90.6%) resulted in admission, 867 (5.1%) were admitted to ICU and 899 (4.8%) died in hospital. Predictors of 30‐day mortality included cirrhosis (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 6.92, 95% CI 5.36–8.94), malignancy (aHR 3.21, 95% CI 2.90–3.55), hepatorenal syndrome (aHR 3.15, 95% CI 2.72–3.66), encephalopathy (aHR 2.03, 95% CI 1.78–2.32) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (aHR 1.47, 95% CI 1.20–1.80). Presentation to tertiary hospitals was associated with lower mortality (aHR 0.75, 95% CI 0.68–0.82). Conclusions CLD‐related ED presentations are increasing and place substantial demand on hospital services in Queensland. Decompensation events strongly predict mortality and healthcare utilisation. ED‐initiated risk stratification and coordinated care models to improve outcomes for patients with cirrhosis require development and evaluation.