Revisiting community participation in wildlife management: Evidence from Tanzania’s Wildlife Management Areas

Community participation is essential for effective wildlife management in protected areas. In Tanzania, Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) were established to promote local participation in wildlife conservation outside core protected areas. However, in many cases, the term participation has been oversimplified, leaving local communities out of management activities. . This study assessed community participation in Ikona and Matumizi Bora ya Maliasili Idodi na Pawaga (MBOMIPA) WMAs by examining participation levels, key influencing dimensions that strongly influence participation, and the role of perceived benefits. A mixed-methods approach involving household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews was employed, with data analyzed using SmartPLS 4.1.0.1 and RStudio. The findings show that communities are generally informed about WMA activities but have limited involvement in decision-making, with consultation largely remaining one-way. Empowerment emerged as the strongest determinant of participation, although constrained by institutional barriers. Perceived benefits significantly enhanced participation, while demographic and site-specific factors influenced participation patterns. Strengthening empowerment, inclusive decision-making, and equitable benefit sharing is essential for improving community participation in WMAs.