Lipidomic Profiling and Biological Aging in Patients with Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow chart of the study.

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  Figure 2. Association between number of carbon atoms, double bonds and CMD risk. Individual lipid species are depicted by filled circles and arranged by lipid class in 9 panels according to the number of total carbon atoms (Y axes) and number of double bonds (X axes). Circle color indicates the magnitude of odds ratio (OR) of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), and circle size corresponds to the significance level.

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  Figure 3. Study workflow. In this study, we investigated the clinical and lipidomic features of patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction. PhenoAge, triglyceride glucose index, hypertension, TAG47:2-FA14:0, TAG48:4-FA18:1 and phosphatidylcholine (18:1/20:3) were independent risk factors of coronary microvascular dysfunction. The diagnosis of coronary microvascular dysfunction was markedly improved by incorporating lipidomic data with clinical factors.

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  Figure 4. SHAP values of features in the XGBoost model. (A) Top 15 features included in the XGBoost model with best discrimination performance. Features are ranked by the importance evaluated through the SHAP method. (B) The positive correlation between SHAP values and PhenoAge.

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  Figure 5. Association between PhenoAge, TyG and CMD risks. Restricted cubic spline curves are plotted to demonstrate the association between PhenoAge (A), TyG (B) and the odds ratio of CMD.

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  Figure 6. Performance of the predicting models. (A) The receiver operating characteristic curve of the clinical and integrated models. AUC was significantly improved in the integrated model (from 0.86 to 0.94, p < 0.05). (B) The calibration curves of the clinical and integrated models. Perfect prediction is shown by the diagonal black dashed line. The model incorporating clinical and lipidomic factors is closer to the observed probabilities indicating better calibration. The clinical impact curves of the clinical and integrated models are shown in (C and D). The integrated model brought better clinical benefits over most of the risk thresholds, as indicated by the number of high-risk patients with CMD closer to the number of high-risk patients. AUC, are under the receiver operating characteristic curve.