The HFpEF-ABA score predicts adverse cardiac remodelling and incident heart failure: a UK biobank study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Study flowcharts and distribution of the HFpEF-ABA score. (A) Selection of the full cohort from the UK Biobank. (B) Selection of the subcohort with cardiac MRI data. (C–D) Histograms showing the distribution of HFpEF-ABA scores in the full cohort (left) and MRI subcohort (right). Risk categories: low (<25%), intermediate (25–80%), and high (>80%)

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  Figure 2. Comparison of cardiac structural and functional indices across risk groups. Boxplots showing cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters among low, intermediate, and high-risk groups. (A–B) Left atrial volume index and ejection fraction. (C–D) Left ventricular mass index and end-diastolic volume index. (E–F) Global longitudinal strain and LV ejection fraction. (G–H) Right atrial volume index and RV ejection fraction. **** P < .0001 compared with the low-risk group

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  Figure 3. Continuous association between HFpEF-ABA probability and cardiac remodelling. Scatterplots with smooth fitted curves showing the correlations between predicted HFpEF probability and CMR indices. R indicates the Spearman correlation coefficient.

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  Figure 4. Cumulative incidence and dose–response relationships of the HFpEF-ABA score with adverse outcomes. (A–C) Cumulative incidence curves stratified by HFpEF-ABA risk groups (low, intermediate, and high). (A) HF hospitalization, estimated using the cumulative incidence function accounting for the competing risk of death (Fine–Gray model). (B) The primary composite outcome (first occurrence of HF hospitalization or all-cause mortality), estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. (C) All-cause mortality, estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. (D–F) Restricted cubic spline analyses illustrating the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (solid red lines) and 95% confidence intervals (shaded areas) for the association between the continuous HFpEF-ABA score and adverse outcomes. (D) HF hospitalization. (E) Composite outcome. (F) All-cause mortality

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  Figure 5. Adjusted hazard ratios for adverse outcomes by risk group. Forest plot showing the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for HF hospitalization, composite outcome, and all-cause mortality. The Low Risk group serves as the reference. Models were adjusted for all covariates (Model 3)