Vacuum polarization contributions due to fermions or scalars produced by gluon background-field fluctuations indicate vacuum instability in quantum chromodynamics; the instability is quantitatively related to pair-creation processes. The results extend previous work on gluonic contributions, and generalize the similar quantum-electrodynamic results of Euler and Heisenberg and Schwinger.
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Claudson et al. (1980) studied this question.
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