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ratios (0.23) and lattice oxygen retention in NCM-800, indicating robust redox activity and minimal oxygen vacancies. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) demonstrated that NCM-800 possessed uniform, densely packed spherical particles with minimal surface defects, contributing to improved mechanical integrity and electrochemical stability. Compared to samples calcined at lower or higher temperatures, NCM-800 achieved an optimal balance between crystallinity, particle morphology, and structural robustness. These findings highlight the potential of the mixed-solvothermal method as a promising, scalable, and cost-effective strategy for the synthesis of high-performance NCM523 cathode materials, paving the way for their application in next-generation lithium-ion batteries and advanced energy storage systems.
Rana et al. (Tue,) studied this question.